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#๐Ÿ“— Docs

// 41 entries in this category.

๐Ÿ“— Docs 41AI๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ 17๐Ÿค– Computer Science 23๐Ÿ“„ Research Paper 3
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #kolla ansible ยท #Ansible

OpenStack ์„ค์น˜ 9 โ€” Kolla Ansible Multinode ๋ฐฐํฌ

์ด ๊ธ€์€ Ubuntu 24.04 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 3๋…ธ๋“œ(Deployment, Controller, Compute) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Kolla Ansible 2026.1์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๋“œ OpenStack์„ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ค์ •, ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ŠˆํŒ… ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-09-02

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 8 โ€” Cinder LVM + iSCSI ๋ธ”๋ก ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

OpenStack 2026.1 ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Ubuntu 24.04 LTS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด Cinder LVMโ€ฏ+โ€ฏiSCSI ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , RAIDโ€ฏ5, LVM, ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์„ค์ •, cinder.conf, iSCSI ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์ž‘๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-08-08

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 7 โ€” Horizon ์›น ๋Œ€์‹œ๋ณด๋“œ ์„ค์น˜

Horizon์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  local_settings.py, Apache ๋ฐ Memcached ์„ค์ •์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์—์„œ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ OpenStack ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํŒจ๋„์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2026-08-07

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 6 โ€” Neutron ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜

์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Provider ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด Neutron์„ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ์ƒํƒœ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ€ํŒ…๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-08-06

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 5 โ€” Nova Compute ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜

OpenStack Nova Compute ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  Cellโ€ฏv2๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ยท๋“ฑ๋กํ•œ ๋’ค Placement์™€ ์—ฐ๋™์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2026-08-05

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 4 โ€” Placement ์ž์› ์ถ”์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜

Placement ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” compute ์ž์›์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ ์™€ ํ• ๋‹น์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DB, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, API ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ, Apacheโ€ฏWSGI ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ CLI ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-08-04

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 3 โ€” Glance ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜

OpenStack Glance ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  DB, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋’ค ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ยท์„ค์ •ยท๋™๊ธฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  CirrOS ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋กยท๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2026-08-03

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 2 โ€” Keystone ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜

OpenStack Keystone ์ธ์ฆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  DB ์ƒ์„ฑ, ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์„ค์น˜, Fernet ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”, bootstrap, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žยทํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธยท์—ญํ•  ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ† ํฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2026-07-31

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ 1 โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

OpenStack์„ Ubuntuโ€ฏ24.04์— Gazpacho ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ์ด๋ฆ„, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”์™€ MariaDB, RabbitMQ, Memcached, Etcd ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-07-30

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #kolla ansible ยท #network

Kolla Ansible๋กœ OpenStack Trove ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ

Kolla Ansible ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Trove๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์šฉ VLANโ€ฏ311๊ณผ ์ „์šฉ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌยท์„œ๋ธŒ๋„ท์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ trove.conf์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ์žฌ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜์—ฌ DB ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.

2026-05-07

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #kubernetes ยท #ceph

OpenStack ์ „์šฉ ์ตœ์‹  ๋Œ€์‹œ๋ณด๋“œ Afterglow: AI/ML ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋“œ์™€ k3s ํ”„๋กœ๋น„์ €๋‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ UI์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๊ณต์œ  ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜

Afterglow๋Š” OpenStack ์ „์šฉ ์ตœ์‹  ๋Œ€์‹œ๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ, SvelteKit๊ณผ FastAPI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  UI์™€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ž๋™ ์ƒˆ๋กœ๊ณ ์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, NovaยทGlanceยทCinderยทNeutronยทManilaยทOctaviaยทKeystone ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. k3s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ VM ์œ„์— ์›ํด๋ฆญ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋น„์ €๋‹ํ•˜๊ณ  OpenStack ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ์ธ์„ ์™„์ „ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, OverlayFS์™€ CephFS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ๊ณต์œ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ AI/ML ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์„ค์น˜์™€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Redis ์บ์‹œยทMariaDB ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐยทPrometheusยทGrafanaยทDCGM Exporter ๋“ฑ ๊ด€์ธก์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , Manila RBAC์— ๋งž์ถ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ์™€ 3โ€‘lock seal์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-04-29

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #ceph ยท #kolla ansible

OpenStack Manila๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ CephFS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต์œ  ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐฐํฌ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ  ํŒŒ์ผ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” Manila๋ฅผ CephFS Native ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋กœ Kollaโ€ฏAnsible ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ค์ •์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค. Ceph์— ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ’€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  CephFS ํŒŒ์ผ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋’ค, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‚ค๋ง์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Manila ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ Flavor๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ , globals.yml์— Manila ๋ฐ CephFS Native ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š” ์‹œ manila-share.conf์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํฌ ์ „ MDS ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ceph.conf ํƒญ ๋ฌธ์ž ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฐํฌ ํ›„ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ share type์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  CephFS share๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ด ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-02-23

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #kolla ansible ยท #load balancing

OpenStack Octavia๋กœ Kolla Ansible์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ์„ค์ • ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack์—์„œ LBaaS๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” Octavia๋ฅผ Kolla Ansible ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, VLAN 310์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(oโ€‘hm0.310) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, netplan์„ ํ†ตํ•œ VLAN ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค์ •, globals.yml์˜ ์ฃผ์š” Octavia ์˜ต์…˜(ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ์ž๋™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์ธ์ฆ์„œ, Amphora ํ”Œ๋ž˜๋ฒ„, ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ํฌํŠธ, provider ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋„ท ๋“ฑ) ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ํ™•์ธ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-02-20

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #ceph ยท #troubleshooting

OpenStack Cinder์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถค ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ: ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack Cinder์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ค‘ยท์‚ญ์ œ ์ค‘์— ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ Ceph์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™•์ธยท์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผโ€ฏerrorโ€ฏ๋˜๋Š”โ€ฏdeletedโ€ฏ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-01-29

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #ceph ยท #kolla ansible

OpenStack์˜ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ Ceph RBD๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ Ceph RBD๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, Ceph ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์„ค์น˜ยท์ „์šฉ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ถŒํ•œ ์„ค์ •ยทData Pool ๋ฐ 500โ€ฏGB RBD ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑยท์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋งคํ•‘ยทXFS ํฌ๋งทยทfstab ๋“ฑ๋กยทrsync๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด OpenSearch ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์ „ยทKolla Ansible ์„ค์ • ์ˆ˜์ •ยท์„œ๋น„์Šค ์žฌ๋ฐฐํฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ณ , exclusiveโ€‘lock ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”โ€ฏPermissionโ€ฏDeniedโ€ฏ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด mon ๊ถŒํ•œ์— blocklist ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌ๋ถ€ํŒ… ์‹œ ์ž๋™ ๋งคํ•‘ยท๋งˆ์šดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ rbdmap ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์ •๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.

2026-01-22

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #install

OpenStack ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ DevStack: ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์•ˆ๋‚ด

DevStack์€ OpenStack ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยทํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ผ ๋จธ์‹ ์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(Keystone, Nova, Glance, Neutron, Cinder, Horizon)๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. local.conf ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธยท๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋“ฑ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ๋งˆ์ด์ง•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์†Œ 4โ€ฏGB RAM(๊ถŒ์žฅ 8โ€ฏGB)ยท40โ€ฏGB ๋””์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ยท์‹œ์ž‘ยท์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยทํ•™์ŠตยทPoCยทCI/CD์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์•ˆยท์„ฑ๋Šฅยทํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ TripleOยทKollaโ€‘AnsibleยทOpenStackโ€‘Ansible ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยทํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-11-27

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#kubernetes ยท #Secrets ยท #mysql

Kubernetes Secrets๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹ค์Šต ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

Kubernetes Secret์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ, API ํ‚ค ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ Base64 ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์ž…, ํŒŒ์ผ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Secret ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด, YAML ํŒŒ์ผ, ์ง์ ‘ Base64 ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, MySQL ๋ฐฐํฌ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Secret์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด Secret์„ immutable๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  RBAC๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ์ผ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Secret ๋””๋ฒ„๊น… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ญ์ œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, Sealed Secrets์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-10-15

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#kubernetes ยท #service ยท #networking

์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ: ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ

k8s(k3s) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํฌ๋“œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ ‘์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  IP ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‹œ์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑยท์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌยทDNS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋™ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „์šฉ ClusterIP, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ์ถœ NodePort, ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ LB ์—ฐ๋™ LoadBalancer, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ExternalName์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์…€๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์™€ kubeโ€‘proxyยทiptables ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋งยทํƒ€์ž… ์„ ํƒยทํ—ฌ์Šค ์ฒดํฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ยทํ•„์š” ์‹œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋„์ž…์ด ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค.

2025-10-01

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#haproxy ยท #High Availability ยท #load balancing

k3s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ HAProxy์™€ Keepalived๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

k3s ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ HAProxy์™€ Keepalived๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 3๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ IP(VIP)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ, Keepalived ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ํŽ˜์ผ์˜ค๋ฒ„, HAProxy ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, kubeconfig ํŒŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ ‘์† ์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฌด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-10-01

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#install ยท #troubleshooting ยท #network

๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ K3s ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

K3s๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋„คํ‹ฐ์Šค ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์ „ hosts ํŒŒ์ผ ์„ค์ • ํ›„ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ์›Œ์ปค ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ์„ค์น˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” VXLAN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ Flannel ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ํ† ํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์›Œ์ปค ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ ํ›„ kubectl์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ํŒŒ๋“œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•„์š” ์‹œ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2025-09-25

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #ssh ยท #ubuntu

OpenStack ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ณ„์ • ์•ˆ๋‚ด

OpenStack ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ๊ณ„์ •์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, Ubuntu๋Š” ubuntu, CentOS๋Š” ec2-user, Fedora๋Š” fedora, Fedoraโ€ฏCoreOS๋Š” core๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , Debian์€ debian, openSUSE๋Š” opensuse, Rockyโ€ฏLinux๋Š” rocky ๋˜๋Š” cloud-user, AlmaLinux๋Š” almalinux ๋˜๋Š” cloud-user๋กœ SSH ์ ‘์† ํ›„ sudo ๊ถŒํ•œ์œผ๋กœ root ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

2025-09-09

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #mysql ยท #ceph

OpenStack Cinder ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Cinder(Block Storage) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋ฐฑ์—… ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ํ™•์ธ, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ•ด์ œ์™€ ์‚ญ์ œ, ์Šค๋ƒ…์ƒท ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ Keystone์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šคยท์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ ์‚ญ์ œ, ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์™€ ์„ค์ •ยท๋กœ๊ทธ ํŒŒ์ผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ •๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฌ(์˜ˆ: LVM ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์‚ญ์ œ)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šคยทํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-08-10

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #docker ยท #install

Kolla Ansible์„ ํ†ตํ•œ OpenStack ๋ฐฐํฌ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

Kolla Ansible์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด OpenStack์„ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ค€๋น„(ํ•„์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์„ค์น˜, ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ •, ํ•„์ˆ˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ณต์‚ฌ), ์„ค์ • ํŒŒ์ผ(globals.yml, passwords.yml) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์˜ต์…˜ ์„ค๋ช…, ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด(bootstrap, prechecks, deploy, pull, reconfigure, post-deploy) ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(uwsgi ๋ฏธ์„ค์น˜, RabbitMQ IP ํ™•์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ) ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-07-17

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#haproxy ยท #High Availability ยท #load balancing

HAProxy๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ: ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

HAProxy๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋กœ, TCPยทHTTP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค์น˜ยท์„ค์ •ยทํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์‹œ๋ณด๋“œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-23

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#ceph ยท #openstack ยท #storage

Ceph ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ถ€ํŒ… ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ: ์ „์› ๊บผ์ง๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” cephadm์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ Ceph ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์› ๋ณต๊ตฌ ํ›„ OpenStack๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ถ€ํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-22

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#ceph ยท #docker ยท #ubuntu

Ceph ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ: ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ

Ceph๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ, ๋ธ”๋ก, ํŒŒ์ผ, ๊ฐ์ฒด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, Cephadm์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด Docker/Podman ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ 3๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”, SSH ํ‚ค ๋ฐฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , Bootstrap์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ OSD๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. public network์™€ ๋ณ„๋„ cluster network๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค์ • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐยท๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €ยทOSD๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์ ๊ฒ€, Cephadm ์„ค์น˜ยทBootstrap, ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธยทOSD ์ถ”๊ฐ€, ํ•„์š”์‹œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-18

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #troubleshooting

OpenStack์—์„œ GPU PCI Passthrough ์„ค์ •: AI ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack์—์„œ GPU๋ฅผ VM์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ PCI Passthrough ์„ค์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, IOMMU์™€ VFIOโ€‘PCI ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, Nova์™€ Compute ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ PCI alias ๋ฐ whitelist ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, Flavor์— GPU ํ• ๋‹น ์†์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ฐ€, NVIDIA GPU์˜ Audio Device ํฌํ•จ ์„ค์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  GPU๋ฅผ Passthroughํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณ„๋„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์šฉ GPU๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์š” ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ŠˆํŒ… ํฌ์ธํŠธ์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-16

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #mysql ยท #haproxy

Galera Cluster๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ MySQL ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

์ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Galera Cluster์™€ HAProxyยทKeepalived๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ MySQL์„ ๋™๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ณต์ œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค์น˜ยท์„ค์ •ยท๋ถ€ํŒ…ยท์ƒํƒœ ํ™•์ธยท์žฅ์•  ๋ณต๊ตฌยท์šด์˜ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-16

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #service ยท #troubleshooting

OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Designate๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ DNS ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

OpenStack ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— Designate๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ DNS ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค. Keystone์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žยท์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  API ์—”๋“œํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋’ค, Designate์™€ BIND9 ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ŠคยทRabbitMQยทKeystone ์—ฐ๋™ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. BIND9์— rndc ํ‚ค์™€ AppArmor ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , named.conf.options์™€ designate.conf๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. pools.yaml ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ DNS ์„œ๋ฒ„ ํ’€์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•œ ํ›„, Designate ์„œ๋น„์Šค(API, Central, Worker, Producer, Mini DNS)๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ designateโ€‘dashboard ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ์ธ์„ ์„ค์น˜ยท์„ค์ •ํ•ด Horizon์— DNS ๊ด€๋ฆฌ UI๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , zoneยทrecordset ์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-09

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#gitlab ยท #postgresql ยท #migration

GitLab ๋งˆ์ด๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜: PostgreSQL ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ด์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

GitLab์„ OpenStack์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ PostgreSQL์„ 15์—์„œ 16์œผ๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ GitLab ๋ฐฑ์—…, PostgreSQL ๋ฐฑ์—… ๋ฐ ๋ณต์›, GitLab ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. CI/CD๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , pg_dumpall์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐฑ์—…์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์› ์‹œ GitLab ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํŒŒ์ผ์ธ gitlab-secrets.json์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์—…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-06-05

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#Docs ยท #Automation ยท #DevOps

Ansible๋กœ ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์„ค์น˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒซ Playbook ์‹คํ–‰๊นŒ์ง€

Ansible์€ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค IT ์ž๋™ํ™” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ, SSH์™€ Python์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Ubuntu์—์„œ Ansible์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, Inventory ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, Ad-hoc ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ Playbook ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฉฑ๋“ฑ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, SSH ํ‚ค ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2025-04-03

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#openstack ยท #gpu ยท #ceph

GPU ์„œ๋ฒ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ OpenStack Nova Compute ๋…ธ๋“œ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ์„ค์ • ์™„๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

GPU ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ OpenStack์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ Nova Compute ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋„ค์ž„ยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”ยทOVS ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(DVR)ยทNova ๋ฐ Neutron ์„œ๋น„์ŠคยทCeph RBD ์—ฐ๋™ยทGPU PCI Passthrough๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ ํ›„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์ž‘, ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋“ฑ๋ก, ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

2025-03-27

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#DevOps ยท #orchestration

Kubernetes ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•: kubeadm์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

Kubernetes๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆํ™”๋œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌยทํ™•์žฅยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ, kubeadm์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  Calico CNI๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด Pod ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ Docker์™€ containerd ์„ค์ •, kubeadmยทkubectlยทkubelet ์„ค์น˜ยทํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”, CIDR ์ผ์น˜ ํ™•์ธ ํ›„ Calico ์ ์šฉ, ํ•„์š” ์‹œ controlโ€‘plane taint ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, cgroup ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ผ์น˜, swap ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ํฌํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.

2024-11-21

โ†’
๐Ÿ“— DOCS#large language model ยท #gRPC ยท #docker

TGI ์„œ๋น™ ์—”์ง„: ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์–ธ์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐฐํฌ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์†Œ๊ฐœ

TGI๋Š” Hugging Face์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ LLM ์„œ๋น™ ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ, Rust์™€ Python์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ gRPC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„์™€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋™์‹œ ์š”์ฒญ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” Flash Attention, PagedAttention, Tensor Parallelism, ์–‘์žํ™” ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, SSE ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ† ํฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ด์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , GPU ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” Continuous Batching ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ maintenance mode์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์† ์—”์ง„์ธ vLLM๊ณผ SGLang์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-11-07

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#ubuntu ยท #llvm ยท #tensorflow

์šฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌ 22.04์— LLVM 16 ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ: TensorFlow 2.12๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํŽธ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

์šฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌ 22.04์— LLVMโ€ฏ16 ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  apt ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ TensorFlowโ€ฏ2.12 ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-10-09

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#tensorflow ยท #conda ยท #gpu

TensorFlow 2.12 GPU ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Miniconda ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ • ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

Miniconda๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด conda ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด TensorFlow 2.12๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GPU ์„ค์ •์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค์น˜ ํ›„ CPU์™€ GPU์—์„œ TensorFlow๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Ubuntu 22.04์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-10-08

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#Docs ยท #python ยท #ubuntu

JupyterHub๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Jupyter Notebook์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

JupyterHub๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ Jupyter Notebook์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. Ubuntu ์„œ๋ฒ„์— JupyterHub๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” pip ์„ค์น˜, systemd ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ๋ก, Nginx reverse proxy ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. PAM ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, SSL ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์ œํ•œ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ WebSocket ์ง€์›๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

2024-09-24

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#ssh ยท #vscode ยท #ubuntu

์›๊ฒฉ ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ: VSCode๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ SSH ํ‚ค ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ • ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

VSCode์˜ Remote-SSH ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๊ฒฉ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. SSH ํ‚ค ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, SSH ์ ‘์† ์„ค์ •, ํ‚ค ์ƒ์„ฑ, ssh-agent ์„ค์ •, VSCode ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์ ‘์† ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Ed25519 ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‚ค ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ŠˆํŒ… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-09-10

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#docker ยท #ssl ยท #troubleshooting

ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋น— ๋ ˆ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ Docker ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ

Docker Private Registry๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ Docker ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. htpasswd๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ธ์ฆ ์„ค์ •, SSL/TLS ์ ์šฉ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ Push/Pull ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, Registry API V2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์กฐํšŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ŠˆํŒ… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” SSL์„ ํ•„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , Self-Signed ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-09-03

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#docker ยท #install ยท #Open Source

Docker ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ GUI๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” Portainer ์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ

Docker ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ GUI๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Portainer ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Portainer๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ, ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„ค์ •์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜ ์ „ Docker๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›น ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GPU ์ง€์› ์„ค์ •๊ณผ docker-compose๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2024-07-18

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๐Ÿ“— DOCS#ubuntu ยท #OpenVPN ยท #vpn

์šฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌ 22.04์—์„œ OpenVPN์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ

Ubuntu 22.04์—์„œ OpenVPN์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์„ค์น˜, PKI ๋ฐ CA ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์„ค์ •, ๋ฐฉํ™”๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ŠˆํŒ… ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด DDoS ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฆ์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ํฌํŠธ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2022-12-20

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